After much poking around, I finally figured out how to make this work!
The problem was that the ChibiOS initialization code had disabled
interrupts before the __early_init function was run, making the
bootloader not work despite my best intentions.  This was fixed by
enabling interrupts just before jumping to the bootloader.  This in turn
required changing to GNU-flavored C11 to include an inline assembly
instruction.

/!\ BROKEN BUILD /!\

This commit moves the library code to the library directory.  This
causes the firmware to not compile.  A few changes were made to reduce
the nubmer of errors, but some errors just aren't going to go away until
I go ahead with the planned changes.

There are still a few things that the standard says we Shall do and we
don't, but it Works For Me™.  I haven't implemented anything with
regards to GiveBack support, but that doesn't matter just yet.  Our
handling of VDMs isn't quite right either.  Anyway, it successfully
negotiates with so-called Split PDO power supplies, which is more than I
can say about some commercial products.